An author's copyright in a musical composition arises automatically the moment a work is fixed in a tangible form. Formal registration (with the U.S. Copyright Office or equivalent national authority) creates a public record and unlocks statutory damages in litigation.
Berne Convention (signed by 181 countries) grants automatic copyright protection across borders.
U.S. copyright registration is administered by the Library of Congress via the U.S. Copyright Office.
Term of protection: life of the author + 70 years (most jurisdictions).
These are official government bodies — copyright offices, IP authorities, and statutory royalty boards. They administer registrations, set rates, and adjudicate disputes. Always start here when questions of law arise.
Trade associations, performing rights organizations, publishers, advocacy groups, clearance houses, and licensing companies — all non-government entities active in this rights area.
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